What is chain surveying part 1 ssc je preparation 2018. To survey an area by chain survey across obstacles and to calculate the obstructed lengths by using different methods. Purpose of land surveying used for the exact description of the boundaries of a piece of land cadastral survey. Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. Various units of length used for surveying in the englishspeaking world, all consisting of 100 links.
The rectangle is the simplest fig that can be plotted from the lengths of its sided. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing. Feb 11, 2017 the chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller. All cross staffs are having two perpendicular lines of sights. In order to calculate the area of any irregular shaped field, it is necessary to divide that area into number of right angled triangles and trapezoids. Chain surveying it is the simplest and oldest form of land surveying of an area using linear measurements only. Basic surveying theory and practice for performing certain mathematical operations with angles, it is some times easier to convert to decimal degrees first, perform the necessary. Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. The duties of the follower chain man at the rear end of the chain are. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines. The number of horizontal cross wires in a stadia diaphragm is a one b two c three d four ans. Optical squares are also like cross staves used for setting out the right angles in changesurveying. Chain surveying method in civil engineering, how to. Chain surveying, principle of chain surveying, surveying stations, base line, check line, tie line offsets, oblique offsets, booking field notes, field works.
It is more accurate than the cross staff and it can be used for locating objects situated at larger. Chain, cross staff, arrows, ranging rods and offset rods procedure. The maximum tolerance in a 20 m chain is a 2 mm b 3 mm c 5 mm d 8 mm ans. Specific surveying equipment is described below, along with its uses and any special precautions for its care. Repeat sighting procedure using cross staff, lets meeting point is q, r, s, and t on grid line. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying. Hence chain surveying is some times called chain triangulation. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying in which the linear measurements are directly taken in the field and the angular measurements are not taken. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their.
During measurements, it is impossible to set out all the chain lines in a straightforward method. Civil engineeringsurveying during chaining along a straight line, the. The various instruments used in chain surveying are as fol. In this method the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets from these line.
Based on this, the principle of chain surveying is to divide the area to be surveyed into a network of connected triangles. Chain surveying is suitable for small areas with few details. The first line of sight is set along the chain line and without disturbing setting right angle line of sight is checked to locate the object. Chan surveying,chain surveying instruments,principles of chain surveying,purpose of. Chain surveying is a type of survey in which the surveyor takes measurements in the field and then completes plot calculations and other processes in the office. Aug 03, 2018 different types of lines that are used in chain surveying like base line, check line, tie line. Perpendicular offset by swinging chain is stretched along the survey line. Ill give you some tips on how to record the measurements effectively in the field book after chain surveying. Write all observation in field book or level book respectively. The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire.
May june 20 traversing are used, to fix the points on the ground. The convenience of this decimal division was the cause of the. The new levelling staff in the metric system is 4 meter long and made into two pieces of 2 meter length each. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. Engineering surveying 1 ce212 chain survey lecture 2016, september 2627 muhammad noman. Obviously, chain surveying cannot be used in all cases. If the intercept on a vertical staff is observed as 0. Profile levelling longitudinal and cross sectioning in.
It can be defined as the process of taking direct measurement, although not. The term jacobs staff, also known as cross staff, a ballastella, a fore staff, or a balestilha, is used to refer to several things. Agate cap is fitted with a a cross staff b level c chain d prismatic compass ans. Chain surveying is best used for smaller planes with few details. Chan surveying, chain surveying instruments,principles of chain surveying,purpose of. Levelling staff is known as the staff rod, levelling rod, and selfreading staff, as the staff readings may be taken directly by the instrument man from the levelling instrument. May 2005 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3.
In addition, they also have features for measurement to points that cannot. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. This is used along with a gunters chain to measure most distances in a survey. This volume is one of the two which offer a comprehensive course in those parts of theory and practice of plane and geodetic surveying that are most commonly used by civil engineers. Multiple choice questions on surveying and levelling pdf. Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. April 2004 pacific island hydrology course, fiji page 3 these are more basic levels often used in construction work. These are light in weight and flexible and are made 2m, 5m 10m, 20m, 30m, and 50m. The surveying equipment used today are much more different than the simple surveying instruments in. The main principle of chain surveying or chain triangulation is to provide a framework consist of number of wellconditioned triangles or nearly equilateral triangles. The term cross section generally refers to a relatively short profile view of the ground, which is drawn perpendicular to the route centerline of a highway or other types of linear projects. Surveying civil engineering gate 2020 study material pdf is useful for students and aspirants preparing for gate 2020 on self. Civil engineering surveying important mcq pdf all exam.
A good knowledge of chain surveying is therefore essential to a proper knowledge of surveying as a whole. In its most basic form, a jacobs staff is a stick or pole with length markings. Multiple choice questions with answers on surveying and. Instruments used for offset types of cross staff open cross staff. The arrow has a loop of diameter 50mm at one end whereas the other end is pointed for a length of 15mm. Survey of an area by chain surveyclosed traverse in this post, i am going to discuss about to survey an open field by chain surveying in order to calculate the area of the open field. Pdf surveying problem solving saied albayya academia. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. Types of ranging chain surveying civil engineering. Chain, 20m or 30m long, tape, arrows, ranging rods, wooden or iron pegs, plumb bob, cross staff chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. Cross sectioning levelling is another method in profile levelling.
What are the instruments used for setting out right angles to a chain line. Cross staff chain used for surveying 20m chain 100 links 30m chain 150 links 1 links 20cm links of chain are made by mild steel wire 4mm diameter. Chain a chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. But it does not give correct length owing to wear on the metal to metal surfaces, bending of links, mud between the bearing surface etc and the biggest disadvantage is its weight which is difficult to carry and suspend types of chains used in surveying.
Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or cross staff and their foot of offsets are g, i. Moreover, it provides fairly accurate result provided that the work is conducted carefully. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil. Measure distance of aq, ar, as and at by chain on grid line and qq, rr, ss, tt using metallic tape respectively. Perpendicular offsets using cross staffs three different types of cross staffs used for setting perpendicular offsets. Nov 08, 2017 chain surveying it is the simplest and oldest form of land surveying of an area using linear measurements only. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. Equipment used for chain surveying and its uses there are following equipment are used in chain surveying 1. The cross staff is made of metal or wood with eye slips at right angles and is used to measure right angles from the line of traverse. Shawn johnson, senior construction managercad technician.
Cross staff is the instrument used to locate the intersection point ofa particular offset on a chain line 2. Field work in chain survey surveying in civil engineering. Cross staff is an instrument used for a measuring approximate horizontal angles b setting out right angles. Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of.
Civil engineering land surveying basics land surveying class lectures survey class lecture notes free download the history of surveying started with plane surveying when the first line was measured. Equipment used to find the area using chain surveying. Technical terms used in chain surveying survey stations these are important point fixed on ground indicating the starting point and the end point of the survey line. Multiple choice questions with answers on surveying and levelling pdf.
Distance of the follower from the starting point is a 4 chains b 6 chains c 120 m d 180m ans. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and no angular measurements are taken. Here is a brief description of how i made an offset staff, 3 station staves, and a surveyors cross. Multiple choice questions on surveying and levelling pdf 51 multiple choice questions with answers on surveying and levelling pdf. At the ends chain is provided with brass handle with swivel joint so that it can be easy to roll or unroll the chain without twisting and knots. Multiple choice questions on surveying and levelling pdf 51. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. Duties of the follower and leader during chain surveying. Tools and equipments required include chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and, sometimes, a cross staff. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations. The chain is made up of steel wire which is divided into links and togs rings to facilitate folding.
In plane table surveying the field work and plotting is done using a graphical. If the length of a chain is found to be short on testing, it can be adjusted by. A practical project is used in an engineering surveying course to expose sophomore and junior civil engineering students to several important issues related to the use of basic principles of land. Study of various instruments used in chain surveying and their uses instruments. To determine area of field using cross staff survey. The duties of the leader the chain man at the forward end or head are. All observations and measurements taken during chain surveying are to be recorded in a standard field book. How to determine area of field using cross staff survey. The mean angle is then equal to the sum of the total angle divided by the number of observations. If the line is short, the chain could be put in alignment easily but if it is long or the end station is not clearly visible, then intermediate points has to be established in line with end points to know the directions of the. The chain consists of many small parts used for handling or reading the measurements. Chain, ranging rod, arrows, cross staff, metallic survey tape theory. The chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller.
Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and. The term jacobs staff, also known as cross staff, a ballastella, a forestaff, or a balestilha, is used to refer to several things. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or cross staff and their foot of offsets are g, i, j, h respectively. Adjustable cross staff can be used to set any angle also since there are graduations and upper drum can be rotated over a lower drum. The telescope is rigidly attached to a single bubble and the assembly is adjusted either by means of a screwed balljoint or by footscrews which are adjusted first in one direction, then at 90. Arrows or chain pin is a rod of iron or steel, of diameter 4mm. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. Surveying notes pdf book starts with the topics distance measurement conventions and methods, theodolite, description, uses, and adjustments. Cross staff is the simple instrument used to setting out the right angle. Study of various instruments used in chain surveying and their uses. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors. The surveyors chain of 100 links is identified with edmund gunter, who introduced such a chain in 1620, although chains divided decimally had existed earlier.
Chain surveying is considered to be the simplest method of surveying in which. Then ill be explaining step by step procedure for chain surveying. To locate the boundaries of a given field and also to determine the area. Instrument used for chain surveying polytechnic hub. Chain surveying chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Chain surveys require a chain, tape, ranging rods, arrows and a time cross staff. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of.
Chain is robust, easily read and easily repaired in the field if broken. Among the above, metallic tapes are widely used in surveying. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and. Surveying multiple choice questions and answers pdf free download for freshers civil engineering students. Chain, cross staff, arrows, ranging rods and offset rods. In this case ad is the longest and a chain line running from a to d is laid. Categories surveying tags arrows, arrows used in chain surveying, chain, chain survey, chain surveying, field work in chain survey, guide to chain surveying, guide to surveying and levelling, instruments used in chain survey, iron pegs, marking stations, ranging rods, reconnaissance survey, surveying in civil engineering, tape, wooden pegs in. Methods of ranging in chain surveying guide to surveying and levelling in measuring a survey line, the chain has to be laid out on the ground between the stations. Principle of chain surveying, advantages and disadvantages of chain surveying advantages. A metallic tape is made of varnished strip of waterproof line interwoven with small brass, copper or bronze wires. For accurate work, the steel band should always be used in preference to chain because the steel band a is lighter than chain b is. Today the land surveying basics are the same but the instruments and technology has changed. Cross staff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i. Instruments used in chain surveying iamcivilengineer.
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