In addition, they also have features for measurement to points that cannot. Chain surveying is considered to be the simplest method of surveying in which. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors. What is chain surveying part 1 ssc je preparation 2018. Categories surveying tags arrows, arrows used in chain surveying, chain, chain survey, chain surveying, field work in chain survey, guide to chain surveying, guide to surveying and levelling, instruments used in chain survey, iron pegs, marking stations, ranging rods, reconnaissance survey, surveying in civil engineering, tape, wooden pegs in. Instrument used for chain surveying polytechnic hub.
Civil engineering surveying important mcq pdf all exam. This is used along with a gunters chain to measure most distances in a survey. Chain, cross staff, arrows, ranging rods and offset rods. It is more accurate than the cross staff and it can be used for locating objects situated at larger. April 2004 pacific island hydrology course, fiji page 3 these are more basic levels often used in construction work. The chain is made up of steel wire which is divided into links and togs rings to facilitate folding. Arrows or chain pin is a rod of iron or steel, of diameter 4mm. The rectangle is the simplest fig that can be plotted from the lengths of its sided. Basic surveying theory and practice for performing certain mathematical operations with angles, it is some times easier to convert to decimal degrees first, perform the necessary. Procedures the directional method will be used exclusively for the control survey. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying in which the linear measurements are directly taken in the field and the angular measurements are not taken. Cross staff is the simple instrument used to setting out the right angle.
A good knowledge of chain surveying is therefore essential to a proper knowledge of surveying as a whole. Here you can download the free lecture notes of surveying pdf notes, materials with multiple file links to download. Today the land surveying basics are the same but the instruments and technology has changed. Chain surveying method in civil engineering, how to. Hence chain surveying is some times called chain triangulation.
What are the instruments used for setting out right angles to a chain line. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil. Surveying notes pdf book starts with the topics distance measurement conventions and methods, theodolite, description, uses, and adjustments. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or cross staff and their foot of offsets are g, i. May 2005 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. Chain surveying, principle of chain surveying, surveying stations, base line, check line, tie line offsets, oblique offsets, booking field notes, field works. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying. May june 20 traversing are used, to fix the points on the ground. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations. The number of horizontal cross wires in a stadia diaphragm is a one b two c three d four ans. For accurate work, the steel band should always be used in preference to chain because the steel band a is lighter than chain b is.
Cross staff is the instrument used to locate the intersection point ofa particular offset on a chain line 2. In plane table surveying the field work and plotting is done using a graphical. Chain, ranging rod, arrows, cross staff, metallic survey tape theory. During measurements, it is impossible to set out all the chain lines in a straightforward method. Feb 11, 2017 the chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller.
The chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller. Distance of the follower from the starting point is a 4 chains b 6 chains c 120 m d 180m ans. A metallic tape is made of varnished strip of waterproof line interwoven with small brass, copper or bronze wires. The surveyors chain of 100 links is identified with edmund gunter, who introduced such a chain in 1620, although chains divided decimally had existed earlier. Purpose of land surveying used for the exact description of the boundaries of a piece of land cadastral survey. Perpendicular offsets using cross staffs three different types of cross staffs used for setting perpendicular offsets. Obviously, chain surveying cannot be used in all cases.
Methods of ranging in chain surveying guide to surveying and levelling in measuring a survey line, the chain has to be laid out on the ground between the stations. The telescope is rigidly attached to a single bubble and the assembly is adjusted either by means of a screwed balljoint or by footscrews which are adjusted first in one direction, then at 90. If the length of a chain is found to be short on testing, it can be adjusted by a straightening the links b removing one or more small circular rings c closing the joints of the rings if opened out d all of the above ans. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of. The various instruments used in chain surveying are as fol. Surveying civil engineering gate 2020 study material pdf is useful for students and aspirants preparing for gate 2020 on self. Levelling staff is known as the staff rod, levelling rod, and selfreading staff, as the staff readings may be taken directly by the instrument man from the levelling instrument. To determine area of field using cross staff survey.
If the line is short, the chain could be put in alignment easily but if it is long or the end station is not clearly visible, then intermediate points has to be established in line with end points to know the directions of the. All observations and measurements taken during chain surveying are to be recorded in a standard field book. Measure distance of aq, ar, as and at by chain on grid line and qq, rr, ss, tt using metallic tape respectively. Based on this, the principle of chain surveying is to divide the area to be surveyed into a network of connected triangles. The new levelling staff in the metric system is 4 meter long and made into two pieces of 2 meter length each. The arrow has a loop of diameter 50mm at one end whereas the other end is pointed for a length of 15mm. Aug 03, 2018 different types of lines that are used in chain surveying like base line, check line, tie line. It can be defined as the process of taking direct measurement, although not. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying.
Study of various instruments used in chain surveying and their uses. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and no angular measurements are taken. Instruments used for offset types of cross staff open cross staff. At the ends chain is provided with brass handle with swivel joint so that it can be easy to roll or unroll the chain without twisting and knots. Multiple choice questions with answers on surveying and. Moreover, it provides fairly accurate result provided that the work is conducted carefully.
In this training manual, we used in plane surveying rather than those used in. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. This volume is one of the two which offer a comprehensive course in those parts of theory and practice of plane and geodetic surveying that are most commonly used by civil engineers. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or cross staff and their foot of offsets are g, i, j, h respectively. Chain a chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. Multiple choice questions on surveying and levelling pdf. Survey of an area by chain surveyclosed traverse in this post, i am going to discuss about to survey an open field by chain surveying in order to calculate the area of the open field. Duties of the follower and leader during chain surveying.
Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of. Types of ranging chain surveying civil engineering. An offset staff is used for measuring distances of 10 links or less, to a precision of 110th of a link. Civil engineering land surveying basics land surveying class lectures survey class lecture notes free download the history of surveying started with plane surveying when the first line was measured. Technical terms used in chain surveying survey stations these are important point fixed on ground indicating the starting point and the end point of the survey line. Cross staff chain used for surveying 20m chain 100 links 30m chain 150 links 1 links 20cm links of chain are made by mild steel wire 4mm diameter. Nov 08, 2017 chain surveying it is the simplest and oldest form of land surveying of an area using linear measurements only. How to determine area of field using cross staff survey. Chain surveys require a chain, tape, ranging rods, arrows and a time cross staff. Chan surveying,chain surveying instruments,principles of chain surveying,purpose of. The term cross section generally refers to a relatively short profile view of the ground, which is drawn perpendicular to the route centerline of a highway or other types of linear projects.
Chain surveying is best used for smaller planes with few details. The duties of the follower chain man at the rear end of the chain are. All cross staffs are having two perpendicular lines of sights. Cross staff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. Optical squares are also like cross staves used for setting out the right angles in changesurveying. Chain surveying chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. Multiple choice questions with answers on surveying and levelling pdf. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. Chain is robust, easily read and easily repaired in the field if broken. Ill give you some tips on how to record the measurements effectively in the field book after chain surveying. In its most basic form, a jacobs staff is a stick or pole with length markings. Among the above, metallic tapes are widely used in surveying.
In this method the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets from these line. Here is a brief description of how i made an offset staff, 3 station staves, and a surveyors cross. The main principle of chain surveying or chain triangulation is to provide a framework consist of number of wellconditioned triangles or nearly equilateral triangles. Shawn johnson, senior construction managercad technician. The mean angle is then equal to the sum of the total angle divided by the number of observations. Chain surveying is a type of survey in which the surveyor takes measurements in the field and then completes plot calculations and other processes in the office. Instruments used in chain surveying iamcivilengineer. But it does not give correct length owing to wear on the metal to metal surfaces, bending of links, mud between the bearing surface etc and the biggest disadvantage is its weight which is difficult to carry and suspend types of chains used in surveying. Tools and equipments required include chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and, sometimes, a cross staff.
Specific surveying equipment is described below, along with its uses and any special precautions for its care. To locate the boundaries of a given field and also to determine the area. The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire. Cross sectioning levelling is another method in profile levelling. Write all observation in field book or level book respectively. Repeat sighting procedure using cross staff, lets meeting point is q, r, s, and t on grid line. Multiple choice questions on surveying and levelling pdf 51.
Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and. The cross staff is made of metal or wood with eye slips at right angles and is used to measure right angles from the line of traverse. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results.
Chain, 20m or 30m long, tape, arrows, ranging rods, wooden or iron pegs, plumb bob, cross staff chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. The first volume covers in 24 chapters, the most common surveying operations. If the intercept on a vertical staff is observed as 0. These are light in weight and flexible and are made 2m, 5m 10m, 20m, 30m, and 50m. Equipment used for chain surveying and its uses there are following equipment are used in chain surveying 1. In order to calculate the area of any irregular shaped field, it is necessary to divide that area into number of right angled triangles and trapezoids. The duties of the leader the chain man at the forward end or head are. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. A practical project is used in an engineering surveying course to expose sophomore and junior civil engineering students to several important issues related to the use of basic principles of land. The maximum tolerance in a 20 m chain is a 2 mm b 3 mm c 5 mm d 8 mm ans. Chain surveying it is the simplest and oldest form of land surveying of an area using linear measurements only.
Pdf surveying problem solving saied albayya academia. The chain consists of many small parts used for handling or reading the measurements. Agate cap is fitted with a a cross staff b level c chain d prismatic compass ans. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines. The term jacobs staff, also known as cross staff, a ballastella, a forestaff, or a balestilha, is used to refer to several things.
Perpendicular offset by swinging chain is stretched along the survey line. Equipment used to find the area using chain surveying. Cross staff is an instrument used for a measuring approximate horizontal angles b setting out right angles. Profile levelling longitudinal and cross sectioning in. Multiple choice questions on surveying and levelling pdf 51 multiple choice questions with answers on surveying and levelling pdf. Civil engineeringsurveying during chaining along a straight line, the.
The first line of sight is set along the chain line and without disturbing setting right angle line of sight is checked to locate the object. Field work in chain survey surveying in civil engineering. Then ill be explaining step by step procedure for chain surveying. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. Study of various instruments used in chain surveying and their uses instruments. Chain, cross staff, arrows, ranging rods and offset rods procedure. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. Surveying multiple choice questions and answers pdf free download for freshers civil engineering students. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their.
If the length of a chain is found to be short on testing, it can be adjusted by. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. The surveying equipment used today are much more different than the simple surveying instruments in. Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Engineering surveying 1 ce212 chain survey lecture 2016, september 2627 muhammad noman. To survey an area by chain survey across obstacles and to calculate the obstructed lengths by using different methods. In this case ad is the longest and a chain line running from a to d is laid. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and. The term jacobs staff, also known as cross staff, a ballastella, a fore staff, or a balestilha, is used to refer to several things. Principle of chain surveying, advantages and disadvantages of chain surveying advantages. Adjustable cross staff can be used to set any angle also since there are graduations and upper drum can be rotated over a lower drum. The convenience of this decimal division was the cause of the.
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